Understanding Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

The Florida Department of Health has recently placed two counties under alert for mosquito-borne illnesses due to the rise in Dengue fever cases. With five reported cases in Broward and Miami-Dade counties in less than a month, it is crucial to understand this viral illness, its transmission, and how to prevent it.

What is Dengue Fever?

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral illness primarily spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This mosquito is also a carrier of several other viruses, including yellow fever and Zika virus. The disease affects millions worldwide and is sometimes referred to as "breakbone fever" due to its painful symptoms.

Current Situation in the United States

This year, Florida has reported a total of 11 locally acquired Dengue cases, with two in Broward County and nine in Miami-Dade County, alongside 204 travel-associated cases. Other states like Texas, Hawaii, and Arizona have also reported cases in recent years. Dengue fever is prevalent in over 100 countries, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Symptoms typically manifest four to six days after being bitten by an infected mosquito and can last up to ten days. Common symptoms include:

High fever
Severe headaches
Nausea and vomiting
Pain behind the eyes
Joint and muscle aches
Rash
Mild bleeding from the nose or gums
Easy bruising

In severe cases, Dengue can lead to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever or Dengue Shock Syndrome, which requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests, which can detect the virus or antibodies depending on the timing of the symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no specific antiviral treatment for Dengue. Management focuses on treating symptoms and preventing complications:

Hydration and rest
Acetaminophen for fever
Avoiding aspirin or ibuprofen to reduce bleeding risk

In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for monitoring and managing complications.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing Dengue fever involves protecting oneself from mosquito bites, especially during peak biting times, which are typically between 6 PM to 10 PM and 3 AM to 5 AM. Here are three effective tips:

Wear long sleeves, long pants, and a hat when outdoors.
Use insect repellent containing 20-30% DEET, which is safe for use during pregnancy (not recommended for children under 2 months).
Eliminate standing water around your home, as it serves as breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Additionally, ensure that doors, windows, and screens are in good condition to keep mosquitoes out.

The Dengue Vaccine

There is a vaccine called Dengvaxia, approved by the FDA in 2019. However, it is not widely available and is only recommended for children aged 9 to 16 years who have confirmed prior Dengue infection and live in endemic areas. The vaccine requires three doses, administered six months apart.

Conclusion

As cases of Dengue fever rise in the United States, understanding the disease, its symptoms, and prevention methods is essential. By taking precautions against mosquito bites and being aware of the signs of Dengue, individuals can help protect themselves and their communities from this painful illness.